Thursday, December 12, 2024

Addressing the Teacher Shortage: Recruit then Educate

 Charles Ungerleider, Professor Emeritus, The University of British Columbia

[permission to reproduce granted if authorship is acknowledged]

For years, a colleague from a school district and I ran a site-based teacher education program, meaning all coursework for teacher preparation took place in a public school classroom. From September to December, student teachers spent their mornings in class and their afternoons teaching under the guidance of experienced teachers. From January to March, the roles flipped—student teachers taught in the mornings and attended classes in the afternoons. By April and May, they transitioned to full-time teaching in the classroom.

Reflecting on this experience got me thinking about a teacher preparation model that could help mitigate the teacher shortage. It wouldn’t solve the problem entirely but could make a meaningful impact, particularly in communities struggling to attract qualified educators. This approach is often referred to as "recruit and train," though I prefer the term "educate" over "train."

The model is rooted in workforce development. Candidates are chosen based on specific suitability criteria and then provided with job-focused preparation, usually funded by employers or government programs. The goal is to create a reliable pipeline of qualified professionals while lowering barriers to entry. Candidates are rigorously screened for traits critical to their profession—policing, for instance, emphasizes physical fitness, psychological stability, and ethical standards. Teaching, on the other hand, prioritizes interpersonal skills, empathy, subject knowledge, and a dedication to education.

Once selected, candidates receive profession-specific preparation, often at little or no cost, reducing financial obstacles. Many of these programs require participants to commit to serving in high-need areas for a set period, ensuring the investment in their education benefits the communities that need it most.

This model enhances diversity and accessibility by removing financial barriers that often limit the candidate pool. It aligns training with workforce demands, such as filling positions in underserved regions or addressing shortages in STEM education or rural healthcare. Service commitments also help improve retention, stabilizing the workforce over time. However, challenges exist, including the significant cost of preparation and the potential for attrition after service obligations are completed.

The "recruit-then-educate" model is already widely used in fields requiring public accountability and workforce stability. Police recruits, for example, attend government-funded academies, while healthcare professionals like nurses and paramedics often follow similar pathways. In teaching, such models have been employed through service-based programs, and they are also common in the military and skilled trades via apprenticeships. Thoughtfully adapting this model to teaching could help address critical challenges, including teacher shortages and inequities faced by those with financial constraints

Provincial certification authorities could approve school districts or consortia of school districts as providers of recruit-and-educate programs. This approach aligns closely with current practices in Canada, where many teacher education programs already rely on retired teachers or those seconded from school districts to lead instruction. By formalizing school district involvement, certification authorities could ensure programs meet consistent standards while capitalizing on the expertise of seasoned professionals.


This is my last blog for 2024. Best wishes for the New Year. My blog will resume in January 2025. Charles

Thursday, December 5, 2024

To what problem is reducing teacher qualification standards a solution?

 Charles Ungerleider, Professor Emeritus, The University of British Columbia

[permission to reproduce granted if authorship is acknowledged]  

Teacher shortages across Canada are leading some provinces to reduce education requirements for teacher certification, a strategy that has sparked debate about its impact on educational quality. Nova Scotia recently announced plans to allow entry into Bachelor of Education programs after only two years of undergraduate study instead of a full bachelor’s degree. In Manitoba, the government has removed specific subject requirements, including credits in math and science, for teacher certification in elementary and middle school levels.  

These policy changes are intended to streamline pathways into teaching and address critical staffing gaps. In Nova Scotia, education officials argue that lowering entry barriers and expanding program seats will help meet teacher demand in underserved areas; however, this approach raises concerns about weakening teacher expertise and professional standards. Reducing teacher certification requirements risks widening existing teacher quality gaps. Research shows that students from marginalized communities already face inequities in teacher quality, with less-experienced, lower-credentialed teachers more likely to be assigned to them.[1]  

Historically, teacher preparation has evolved from basic instruction at “normal schools” to comprehensive university-based programs emphasizing both subject knowledge and pedagogy. Lowering standards could reverse this progress. Like many educators and parents, I worry that reducing the rigor of teacher preparation could lead to less effective instruction and erode public confidence in the public education system.  

Both Manitoba and Nova Scotia assert that easing certification paths will decrease the number of uncertified teachers in classrooms. This may be true, but it effectively replaces uncertified teachers with those who are minimally qualified. While addressing immediate gaps, these decisions lower professional standards and possibly educational quality, treating the custodial function of schools—keeping children in supervised environments—as more critical than the quality of instruction itself.  

A more sustainable solution to teacher shortages would be to make the profession more appealing. Competitive salaries, hiring and retention bonuses, and housing allowances in high-need areas could attract and retain qualified teachers without compromising educational standards. These measures would strengthen the profession’s status and support public confidence in the quality of education—offering solutions to staffing shortages without diluting teacher preparation.  

The reduction in teacher qualification requirements reflects a challenging balance between addressing urgent staffing needs and maintaining a commitment to quality education. As these policies take effect, their long-term impact on educational outcomes and public trust deserves close attention.



[1] Goldhaber, D., Lavery, L., & Theobald, R. (2015). Uneven Playing Field? Assessing the Teacher Quality Gap Between Advantaged and Disadvantaged Students. Educational Researcher, 44(5), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X15592622