Charles Ungerleider, Professor Emeritus, The University of British Columbia
[permission to reproduce granted if authorship is acknowledged]
In a democratic system, trust in institutions is essential. Conspiracy theories introduce doubt in these systems, leading to reduced faith in institutions. This lack of trust can lead to social divisions creating an "us vs. them" mentality. Conspiracy theories divert attention from issues that deserve attention, impeding government operations.
Trust in democratic institutions, such as the courts, elections, and independent media are foundational elements of democracy and are checks against abuses of power and authoritarian governments. Those whose goal it is to weaken democracy must first work to undermine public trust in those institutions which serve to defend democracy.
As someone who began his career as a social studies teacher, I think it is crucial for schools to equip students with skills that enable them to discern credible information from conspiracy theories. Schools should prioritize the development of students' ability and disposition to question the credibility and reliability of sources. Learners should learn to differentiate fact from fiction, factual statements from statements of opinion, and to understand the inherent assumptions and biases in any given argument.
Part of their preparation should include acquainting students with common logical fallacies. Using real-world examples, teachers can effectively point out and illustrate fallacies such as ad hominem attacks or circular reasoning. Students should be encouraged to identify fallacies in daily situations, public pronouncements and media. Media literacy should be a central component of every student’s education. They should be taught to evaluate sources and understand the pitfalls of online echo chambers and algorithmically driven content.
Students must learn the difference between fact and opinion because it helps them navigate the information they encounter every day. By distinguishing between what’s accurate and what’s inaccurate, they are better able to make informed decisions, form their own beliefs, construct sound arguments, and avoid being swayed by misleading information. Knowing something about a topic also helps them recognize when someone is trying to manipulate or deceive them.
Students should become familiar with enduring stereotypes and tropes. Such knowledge fosters critical thinking and promotes cultural awareness and sensitivity. Recognizing the origin, evolution, and impact of these narratives helps students challenge and deconstruct prejudiced beliefs.
Students should learn about the social psychology of conspiracy theories and the influence of cognitive biases like the desire for pattern recognition or the need to find explanations for significant events. Teachers can use historical examples and contemporary case studies.
Open discussion is key to the approach I am suggesting. Schools must be safe environments where students can critically analyze popular conspiracy theories. Respectful debate using logic and evidence is essential.
Schools can and
should create informed citizens capable of navigating the complex terrains of
truth and misinformation.